Therefore specifc innovation support e g Enova EU ET S innovation fund will be required to enable upscaling of R D Furthermore cooperation with other sectors will be necessary in order to mak e some options available for the metals industry e g hydrogen CCS Through cooperation with other larger industries the nonferrous metals industry would be able to beneft from economies of scale and infrastructure for these technologies It is not clear if all new technologies will be economically competitive for instance the use of hydrogen or electrifcation of heating processes might at present not be com petitive with e g the use of natural gas or other carbon carriers as reducing agents L arge C APEX will be required for major investments in new processes T o enable com panies to mak e these investments a positive investment climate will be required to ensure that companies see longterm value in making these investments L ocation will an important factor in the deployment of certain options in particular for access to new input materials e g biomass or for symbiosis with other companies and sectors Hence the application of some technology option will depend on the location of the plant L ast but not least there is a very large potential for enhanced recovery of base met als rare earth metals and other byproducts from primary and secondary production waste streams and postconsumer scrap Enabling this recovery could reduce Europe s import dependency signifcantly However the technologies used for enhanced recov ery must both be economical and not lead to emissions of GHGs A dvances in hydro metallurgy show promise of both economical e xtraction with low CO 2 footprint MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 64