T able o f Figur es T ables and Bo x es B oxe s Bo x 1 Flanders Metals V alley e xample of nonferrous metals ecosystem 21 BO X 2 China s mark et domination 26 Bo x 3 EU Battery Alliance 30 Bo x 4 Nonferrous metal stock in Germany 34 BO X 5 The smelting business model and LME pricing 38 BO X 6 Glencore Nikk elwerk energy savings 52 BO X 7 Energy efciency innovation in copper production 52 BO X 8 Norsk Hydro s K armoy T echnology plant 53 BO X 9 Elysis AlcoaRio Tinto 54 Bo x 10 An Organic R ankine C ycle project in the ferroalloy Industry Finnford 57 BO X 11 TRIMET virtual battery pilot 60 BO X 12 Zinc smelter virtual battery 61 BO X 13 A urubis Hamburg district heating 61 Figures Figure 3 Flanders Metals V alley 21 Figure 4 European Base Metal ore mining T onnes Source W orldMiningData C R eichl M Schatz G Zsak V olume 31 Minerals Production Vienna 2016 22 Figure 5 EU Primary Production as a of W orld Production tonnes Base metals data 2016 Source USGS 2017 W orld Bureau of metals ILZSG Nick el Institute Comtrade I Other metals average for 20102014 Source European Commis sion 2017a 2017b 23 Figure 6 EU NonFerrous Metal Ores Import R eliance Source European Commis sion 2018 25 F i g u r e 7 EU Nonferrous metals trade K tonnes timeseries Source R esource T rade Earth 25 Figure 8 China and EU production of base metals time series metric tonnes Source BGS 26 Figure 9 End Sectors of Base Metals 27 Figure 10 End Sectors of Precious Metals 28 Figure 11 End Sectors of Speciality Metals 28 Figure 12 End Sectors of R are Earth Metals 29 Figure 13 EU Battery Alliance A ction Plan 31 Figure 14 Metals Green V alue Chain 31 Figure 15 of primary frst columns and secondary second columns base metals production in total base metals production EU left and the R est of the W orld right Source Sector data For zinc and nick el the fgure only uses the ratio primary and secondary feedstock entering primary refneries while with total zinc production from secondary sources is much higher this includes metal scrap remelting processes in the recycling industry For copper based on Fraunhofer ISI 2013 and OECD 2018 copper fowcharts Global 2016 EU 2015 33 Figure 16 EU Scrap T rade Source Comtrade 33 T able 6 Distribution of S tock s Source JRC 2018a Nick el Institute 2012 34 Figure 17 Evolution of LME prices for Aluminium top left Copper top right Zinc bottom left and Nick el bottom right Source LME 38 Figure 18 Evolution of fnal energy use in the nonferrous metals industry P J Source Eurostat EU energy balances 2018 edition 40 Figure 19 Fuel shift between 1990 and 2017 in the nonferrous metals industry fnal energy use Source Eurostat EU energy balances 2018 edition 40 Figure 20 R elative shares of energy carriers in the fnal energy use of select energy intensive industries 2017 Source Eurostat 2018 40 Figure 21 left GHG emissions MtCO 2 eq of the nonferrous metals industry Sources EEA direct process emissions Eurostat direct emissions related to energy use and EEA indirect emissions using EU average CO 2 intensity of power production right Evolution of CO 2 intensity of the EU power produc tion t CO 2 MWh Source EEA 41 Figure 22 Primary production of aluminium electrolysis cell source CIES ND 42 MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 5