Factors afecting energy consumption are among others the quality of raw materials such as ores quartz and reducing agents and their pretreatment before smelting the utilisation of energy reaction as well as the heat content of the processes Ferroalloy and silicon production are energy and in particular electrointensive process es Silicon production requires 124 MWh electricity per tonne Ferrosilicon 8 7 MWht and FerroManganese 3 MWht 152 Ferroalloys and silicon production results in both combustion generating heat and process emissions carbothermic reduction of metal o xides which are the major source of carbon di o xide CO 2 The direct emissions of silicon and ferroalloys production are the result of the metallurgic reduction process It is estimated that total CO 2 emissions from silicon in the E U were 16 Mt in 2013 and 0 4 and 15 Mt for respectively Ferromanganese and Ferrosilicon 153 Figure 31 Specifc direct and indirect C O 2 emissions for Silicon left FerroSilicon middle and FerroManganese right source Euroalliages EUEFT A Specifc CO 2 emissions for silicon production reduced 19 between 1997 and 2013 17 for Ferrosilicon and 36 for FerroManganese Over the past years consolidation took place over these sectors together with plant closures of less efcient installations Furthermore signifcant investments to improve energy efciency have been made 154 152 Based on data provided by Euroalliages 153 Calculation based on specifc emissions data by Euroalliages EU production data in British geological survey and EEA data on carbon intensity of EU power production in 2013 154 Euroalliages Silicon FerroSilicon 19 17 36 FerroManganese 2013 2005 1997 2013 2005 1997 2013 2005 1997 4 7 42 48 43 36 40 3 7 33 33 33 4 1 5 7 10 4 9 0 7 6 7 0 63 13 1 1 24 12 0 6 0 5 18 10 15 84 Indirect Emissions Mt CO eq Direct Emissions Mt CO eq MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 49