The following sections e xplore in more detail the energy use and the evolution of GHG emissions of a selection of metals aluminium copper zinc nick el ferroalloys and silicon 103 of which the production contributes a signifcant share of the overall energy use and GHG emissions of the nonferrous metals industry This will ofer better insights into the evolu tion of GHG emissions of the nonferrous metals industry and help build the perspective of further mitigation options 52 Aluminium The primary production of aluminium involves three processes after the e xtraction of bauxite ore purifcation of bauxite or to aluminium o xide alumina synthesis of cryolite and aluminium fuoride for the electrolytic reduction process electrolytic reduction of alumina to aluminium Primary aluminium is produced from bauxite that is converted into alumina aluminium o xide Around 100 tonnes of bauxite produces 40 to 50 tonnes of alumina which can then produce 20 to 25 tonnes of primary aluminium Most of the bauxite is mined outside Europe but there are several alumina production facilities within Europe 104 In the refning process of bauxite Bayer s process bauxite ore is frst crushed and dissolved in hot sodium hydro xide The iron and other o xides are removed as insoluble red mud The solution is then precipitated and goes through a calcination process to produce a dry white powder alumina 105 Manufacturing of primary aluminium utilizes a carbon anode in the smelting HallHeroult process The carbon is consumed during the electrolytic process therefore a constant supply is required for the smelting process Carbon anodes are produced by heating up of cok e or tar pitch 106 The HallHeroult process is the primary process for commercial aluminium production The process tak es place in an electrolytic cell or pot consisting of two electrodes anode and cathode Alumina is dissolved into a cryolite bath and serves as an electrolyte for the pro cess High amounts of electrical current are passed through the molten bath and reduces alumina to form liquid aluminium at the bottom of the cell or pot Molten aluminium is dens 103 A detailed description of evolution of lead emissions is not included In 2017 the specifc emissions of lead produc tion were 182 t CO 2 eqt primary lead production 1 16 t CO 2 eqt lead indirect emissions 63 and 0 66 t CO 2 eqt direct emissions 37 For secondary lead production the specifc emissions in 2017 were 0 98 t CO 2 eqt lead 0 62 t CO 2 eqt lead indirect 63 and 0 36 t CO 2 eqt direct 37 2015 T otal EU28 GHG emissions from lead production in 2017 were 2 1 Mt CO 2 eq 0 8 Mt CO 2 eq primary and 13 Mt CO 2 eq secondary Source L C A Pb production ILA 2018 104 JRC 2017a 105 ICF 2015 106 ibidem Therefore electricity costs will afect the nonferrous metals industry production costs to a larger e xtent as compared to other energy intensive industries in general 99 This will be further elaborated in chapter 7 The nonferrous industry has made signifcant eforts to reduce its GHG emissions since 1990 Between 1990 and 2015 the nonferrous metals industry reduced its CO 2 eq emis sions direct and indirect 61 Direct emissions fell 645 while indirect emissions reduced 56 over the same period 100 The latter is partially due to the signifcant reduction in the GHG intensity of the EU power grid from 0 524 tMWh to 0 314 tMWh between 1990 and 2015 or a reduction of 40 Figure 21 left GHG emissions MtC O 2 eq of the nonferrous metals industry Sources EEA direct process emissions Eurostat direct emissions related to energy use and EEA indirect emissions using EU average C O 2 intensity of power production 101 right Evolution of C O 2 intensity of the EU power production t C O 2 MWh Source EEA 102 In 2015 indirect emission represented 51 of total GHG emissions while direct emissions stood at 49 for the nonferrous metals industry 99 Some chemical and steel processes are highly electrointensive too e g chlorine production and electric arc steel production 100 This is an estimation based on multiple datasources For the indirect emissions the electricity consumption from t he Eurostat EU energy balances 2018 edition was used This was multiplied with the average EU emission factor for power generation from the European Environmental A gency EEA see footnotes below The direct emissions are the sum of process emissions as reported by EU member states to the UNFCCC and the EU s GHG monitoring mechanism IPCC sectors 2C 2 to 2C 7 i e ferroalloys aluminium magnesium lead zinc and other nonferrous metals see EEA 2019 and the emissions from energy use as reported by Eurostat in the energy statistical datasheets for the EU28 countries august 2018 update see EU Open Data P anel 2018 It is possible that a small overlap between emissions accounted in the electricity use indirect emissions and from the other energy use e xists e g for heat from CHP and autogeneration 101 ibidem 102 EEA The CO 2 emission intensity g CO 2 k Wh is calculated as the ratio of CO 2 emissions from public electricity production as a share of CO 2 emissions from public electricity and heat production related to electricity production and gross electricity production The average was calculated using national emissions data report to the UNFCCC and to the EU s GHG monitoring mechanism EEA 2018 Indirect Emissions Mt CO eq EU CO intensity power sector t CO MWh Direct emissions Mt CO eq 2015 2015 2005 1990 1990 524 31 1 18 1 189 37 0 0 52 0 31 318 429 629 953 61 40 MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 41