Aluminium Copper Nick el T ransport 315 Electrical and electronic products 286 Engineering 37 Building and construction 365 Building and construction 488 T ransport 19 Industrial machinery and equipment 5 7 Industrial machinery and equipment 134 Consumer durables 19 Consumer durables 63 T ransportation equipment 56 Building and construction 18 Electrical engineering 156 Consumer and general goods 36 Other 8 P ack aging and cans 22 Others 19 Dissipative uses 0 3 T able 6 Distribution of S tock s Source JRC 2018a Nick el Institute 2012 Distribution of metals inuse stock is concentrated in buildings and construction transport and electrical and electronic products Given that the EU metals stock is increasing including with e xpected growth in demand due to the greening of the economy it is e xpected that recycling volumes for all metals are e xpected to increase between now and 2050 as more of Europe s inuse stock becomes available and the overall recycling infrastructure improves Europe s aluminium annual recy cling volumes are projected to rise from 45 Mt in 2015 to 9 Mt in 2050 89 For copper scrap the global amount available for recycling annually is projected to increase from 125 Mt to 43 Mt in 2060 90 for the EU this will be an annual amount of around 7 5 Mt scrap in 2060 91 Bo x 4 Nonferrous metal stock in Germany 92 The analysis of the nonferrous metal stock in Germany for 2014 yielded the following results In absolute terms the nonferrous metal stock in Germany in 2014 amounted to around 765 million tons This corresponds to appro x 950 k g NF metals per capita which are trapped in the anthropogenic stock i e in buildings infrastructure vehicles etc The absolute quantity of trapped nonferrous metal stock in Germany in 2014 is equivalent to more than thirty times the German annual production in the same year Based on average scrap metal prices the anthropogenic stock in 2014 represents a t o tal value of around EUR 132 billion which corresponds to a per capita value of EUR 1656 Up until 2050 it is estimated that the nonferrous metal stock in Germany will grow 89 European Aluminium 2018a 90 with China contributing 41 and the EU America 16 91 OECD 2018 92Buchert et al 2016 vehicle batteries Secondly there can also be improvements to the endoflife recycling of vehicles seeking to apply high dismantling and recovery standards across the EU Thirdly higher recovery and recycling rates of WEEE form a major challenge The comple xity of WEEE often leads to higher energy use and CO 2 emissions in recycling sometimes even higher than primary metals production Improved WEEE recovery will require investments in better collection sorting and treatment facilities Furthermore technological innovation will play an important role in achieving high recovery rates in an efcient manner from WEEE see also chapter 6 on technologies These three streams i e endoflife vehicles WEEE and scrap e xports are estimated to be those with the highest future potential together with increasing recovery of metals from green applications but recycling rates can be further improved via a number of ways For instance through advanced sorting processes across Member S tates For e xample alu minium scrap fows can be better sorted preferably by specifc product and by alloy family In addition there will be greater demand for producttoproduct recycling Extra investment in innovative sorting technologies xray laser robot etc will be essential But also higher levels of metals recovery from primary production slags and sludges can lead to higher metals productivity vis a vis the raw materials inputs Finally higher quantities of metals are already used in lowcarbon technologies such as electric vehicle batteries solar panels and wind turbines Currently the ratio between these applications reaching their endoflife and annually entering the mark et is very low e g lower than 1 for solar panels 85 This ratio will shift signifcantly after 2030 e g reaching 40 for solar panels It is important that Europe mak es early investments into its recycling industry for these applications which is currently in its infancy This is currently happening through the EU Battery Alliance and related initiatives See Bo x 3 343 The impact of a growing metals inuse stock on secondary production Metals can remain in use for a long time This implies there is a large metals inuse stock in society In use stock s are relatively higher in Europe as an industrialised economy given per capita inuse stock s in moredeveloped countries typically e x ceed those in lessdeveloped countries by factors of fve to ten 86 Currently inuse stock 87 for EU28 are estimated to be about 132 Mt for aluminium around 260 k g per capita 2013 73 Mt for copper around 140 k g per capita Nick el 5 Mt and 53 Mt for silicon 88 85Solar P ower Europe 86UNEP 2010 87Inuse stock is the amount mass of a given material in the anthroposphere as the result of the shift in metal stock s from the lithosphere to the anthroposphere 88 JRC 2018a MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 34