332 Nonferrous metals are essential in all value chains for climate neutrality The critical transition to a carbon neutral Europe will be achievable only with sufcient amounts of nonferrous metals Nonferrous metals are the building block s of all the cur rently known lowcarbon solutions for a decarbonised economy transport system hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles renewable energy solar PV s wind turbines thermal systems etc battery storage environmentally friendly power distribution network with smart digital network s 21st century lowcarbon and longer lasting infrastructure 100 recyclable pack aging energy and resource efcient modern communications and IT devices and so on It is estimated that the lowcarbon transition will require much more nonferrous metals Global demand as a result can be e xpected to almost triple from 7 Gt to 19 Gt per year by 2060 53 Metals such as aluminium cobalt copper lead zinc and nick el as well as lithium are all going to be needed in signifcantly higher quantities to deliver on climate mitigation goals These would respond in particular to the growth of technologies needed for the clean energy shift e g wind solar hydrogen and electricity systems By 2050 demand for metals in world s wind energy production will have increased by 300 compared to today for solar energy this will be an increase of more than 200 and for battery energy storage including for transportation 1000 more metals 54 55 Global demand for primary aluminium is e xpected to increase by a further 50 by 2050 with Europe requiring almost 9 Mt of primary aluminium each year in the coming decades 56 translating into a 55 28 and 25 growth respectively in the transport construction and pack aging sectors as compared to 2017 demand In the last 25 years the demand for copper has doubled and is projected to rise 43 in the