But also in secondary production the metals ecosystem is clearly visible via the e xtraction of diferent metals in mix ed waste streams or comple x products consisting of diferent types of metals e g batteries Finally most nonferrous metals can be and are alloyed with other nonferrous metals iron and silicon Alloys bring about specifc properties to metals that are essentials in down stream applications e g stainless steel T able 1 below shows the byproducts attained in the production of nonferrous base metals Primary Production Aluminium Copper Nick el Zinc L ead ByProducts Bauxite residue red mud Ga waste gases Sulphuric A cid A u A g Co As Bi Mo Se T e Platinum group metals PGM Pb Sn Ni Sb iron silicate PGM Co Cu A u sulphuric acid Pb Se T e In Ge Cu Ni Co PGM A u A g Cd Hg sulphuric acid Antimonial lead A g Bi T e Se In waste gases T able 1 K ey nonferrous base metals byproducts See Anne x 1 for a detailed overview of the nonferrous metals ecosystem Bo x 1 Flanders Metals V alley e xample of nonferrous metals ecosystem Belgium s Flanders region dubbed as Europe s epicenter of metals recycling and innovative production is home to numerous k ey metals companies such as A urubis Metallo Umicore Precious Metals R efning R ezinal Nyrstar and others that not only produce signifcant vol umes of nonferrous metal but also consistently e xplore new technology These companies work closely together to maximise the value from their various input materials rendering the cooperation into a globally unparalled recycling model which results in the efcient re covery of over 20 metals A goria and its member companies can recycle around 17 metallic elements R ezinal focuses on recycling zinc and alloys shipped in from some 35 countries Nyrstar is also a zinc recycling specialist and its Balen plant is one of the world s largest zinc smelters in terms of production volumes Galloo has pioneered ways to maximize the purity and value of mix ed shredded before they go to a smelting facility Metallo Umicore and R ezinal already harvest metal from residue streams no matter how mix ed or impure they may be The Umicore Precious Metals R efning smelter in Hobok en Belgium recycles up to 17 diferent metals Metallo is the leading producer of pure tin in Europe less than 100 parts of lead per million Figure 3 Flanders Metals V alley 3 12 Production of nonferrous base metals in the EU Within the EU the total primary production of nonferrous metals stood at 7 4 million tonnes Mt in 2016 Aluminium is the most used nonferrous metal by volume and the second most widely used metal after iron both in the EU and globally The sector consists of more than 600 plants most of these being small to medium sized enterprises in 30 European countries and pro vides indirect employment to more than 1 million persons with an annual turnover of around EUR 40 billion 3 Primary production of aluminium stands at 22 Mt 2016 or just 4 of global total primary production Secondary aluminium production in the EU however is higher at 3Mt as compared to 10 1 Mt global secondary production or 29 73 Copper is the second largest base metal sector in the EU after aluminium with around 500 companies in three sectors mining production and semifabrication and an estimated 3 European Aluminium Complex mixes Metals alloys powders construction materials etc Cu Pb Ni Cu Ag Au I r Pb Pd Ru Se Pb Ad Bi In Pt Li Re Ta W Ni As Co Cu Li Re T a W Umicore WEEE catalysts fuel cellsindustrial residues Cu Ag Au Pt Pd Cu scrap Cu anodes Cu Aurubis Cu scrap Cu anodes Zn Ag Cd Co Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb S Sb Sn Cu scrap Cu anodes Zn Nyrstar Zn concentrates secondary materials Zn dust Sb Pb Pb Ag As Cu Sb Sn Sb Campine Lead batteries Sb metal concentrates Cu Ni Zn Pb Sn Cu Pb Cu scrap Cu anodes Metallo CuSnPb scrap concentrates MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 21