in A uthors T omas W yns Senior R esearcher IES VUB T omas wynsvub be Gauri Khandek ar Doctoral and Project R esearcher IES VUB Gaurikhandek arvub be About the IES The Institute for European S tudies IES at the V rije Universiteit Brussel VUB is an academic Jean Monnet Centre of Ex cellence and a policy think tank that focuses on the European Union in an international setting The Institute advances academic education and research in various disciplines and provides services to policymak ers scholars stak eholders and the general public