T echnology options Description impact Enabling conditions R elevance Decarbonisation EU power L arge impact for nonferrous metals industry Can bring total direct indirect emissions down by 81 ref 1990 This evolution will happen outside of nonferrous metals industry T ransition to lowcarbon electricity will have to go with afordable and secure electricity Nonferrous metals can help by higher levels of demand responseancillary grid services All metals Energy efciency Important energy savings are possible mostly related to digitisation and automa ted pro cess management and efciency in furnaces Not all energy savings technologies are compatible with new breakthrough technologies Favourable investment climate required for continuous investments All metals Anode technology aluminium Innovation in electrolysis process can bring further efciency gains of up to 20 Inert anode technology can eliminate direct emissions while reducing energy use Major R D efort needed including support for pilot and demon stration Investments can be capital intensive but lik ely with lower operational costs Al Further Electrifcation Further electrifcation of pyrometallurgical processes andor shift to hydrometallu rgical processes in some smelting processes Electrifcation heat in downstream proc esses High temperature electrifcation might not yet be mature or too e xpensive compared to natural gasbased heating Shift to hy drometallurgical processes can be limited and will most lik ely be applied in secondary and waste streams Cu Zn Pb Ni Al downstream all metals Fuel shift biobased inputs Fuel shift from fuelscoal to gas has occurred in nonferrous metals industry wher e possi ble Further shifts to natural gas and biofeed including reducing agents are po ssible Can be relevant for recovery of metals from smelting slag or leaching residues Fuel shift must be economically viable and biobased fuels must meet required quality Cu Ni Pb Zn Ferroalloys Si Hydrogen as reducing agent Can be relevant for some pyro smelting processes e g copper Limited application of H2 in ferroalloys Can be relevant for recovery of metals from smelting slag or le aching residues Will depend on economic development of H2 production by other sectors and available infrastructure Smelters already requiring a lot of O2 might have better business case for use of H2 via electrolysis which has O2 as a byproduct Cu Zn Pb Si CCUS Due to relative low level of GHG emissions compared to e g steel chemicals and cement not priority for nonferrous metals but can be link ed to other sectors when technology is ready Can become important for silicon and alloys production Will depend on capture transport and storage technology and infrastructure developed by other larger industries Ferroalloys Si Zn Cu Higher metals recovery residues slag and scrap New technologies mostly hydrometallurgical but also new pyro can enable rec overy of high amount of metals incl precious and rare from waste and secondary stre ams Important potential for improvements Greenhouse gas impact can be limited o verall but important environmental and economic cobenefts possible Further R D support needed including scaling up to pilot and demonstration stage Can be regulatory confict with regulations on waste and hazardous materials Cu Zn Ferroalloys Ni Pb Alunina Sector coupling demand response and waste heat Important potential by nonferrous metals for increased demand response service s W aste heat recovery by e g buildings sector can help reduce emissions there Mark et conditions need to be favourable More variable load profles cannot be punished with higher grid tarifs Al Cu Zn Ni Pb Si Ferroalloys List of potential innovation options for lowering nonferrous metals sector emissions none xhaustive Important technology options often with signifcant mitigation potential Options with possible signifcant mitigation potential but can be difcult for the nonferrous metals industry to apply on its own e g requiring cooperation with other larger industries MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 16