The Worl d Copper Factbook 2019 International Copper Study Group 3 Selected Copper Definitions Anode Th e positive te rminal in an ele c trolyti c cell wh e r e electrons leave a device to enter the external cir c uit A cop p er anode at 99 perce n t purity will dissolve Blister The p r oduct of a converting fu rn ac e It is an intermediate more concentrated with respect to th e desired met a l ma terial than matte fr om which it is made and is usually transferred to another fur n ace for fur t her concentrati o n Cathode Th e negative terminal in an electrolyti c cel l where copper is pl ated durin g electrowinni ng or ele c tr olytic re f i n i ng Copper so pl ated is refer r ed to as cathode and is ge nerally about 9999 perce n t pure Co nt a i ne d Co p p e r Conta i ned cop p er is defin e d as the analytical amount of co pper outputted in concentrates and pre c ipita t es Copper concentr ate A pr oduct of flotation milling It co mposes sulfide mi ner a ls and entr ained ma teri al and con t ains one thir d each cop p e r iron an d sulfur It can be processed pyrometallur g ically in a smelter to produ c e matte or hydrometall u rgically pres s ure leaching to p r oduc e pregnan t leach solution both pro ducts requiri n g fur t her processing to obtain coppe r metal Direct mel t scrap Direct melt or re melt scrap is secondary material tha t ca n be used dire ctly in a furna c e without clea nup through th e use of fluxes and poling and re refin i ng Electr orefi n i n g An electr olytic refining process wh e r e less pu re copper an ode is dissolved and high pur ity cop p er is plated at the cathode Electr owi nni ng An electr olytic refining pro c ess where the anode is iner t and rich copper load e d ele c tr olyte conti n ually repla c es lean co p p e r deple t ed el ectrolyte as copp er is plated at th e cathode Fire refi ned co p p e r The p r oduct of a fire refining furnace It is an intermediate more conce n trated with respect to the desire d metal mater i al tha n blister from wh ic h it is made Fire refined copper con t a i ns about 99 percen t cop p er the ex act percentag e depen d ing on th e pro c ess parameters Prima r y copper Copper extracted from ores and recovered as copper metal or copp er be aring chemicals Secondary refine d mat e r i a l S e co ndary refined ma terial represents sc r a p that ha s been fire r e fined or th at has been converted to anode at the smelter lev e l and the n electrolyticall y refined Solvent extr action A me thod of sepa rating one or more me tals from a leach solution by treating with a solvent th at will extract the required metal leaving the others The metal is recovered from the solvent by fur t her treatment St ocks ICS G reports refined cop p er stocks as those held by the excha nges consumers producers and governmen t s Merchant stocks are included wh e r e it is certain th at these ar e nondupli c ativ e to those already reported Only refined products at plant sites are incl uded Items such as wire rod tube and other semifabricated forms are not include d Usag e Copper usage represents re f i n e d copp er used by semifabricato r s Usage da ta is ei ther directly repo rted or ICS G estimates an app a re nt us age using the f o llowing formula Refi ne d copper prod uction refined im p o rt s refined exports refined begin n ing stocks endi ng stocks Sources ICSG and USGS