Figure 23 left Evolution of GHG emissions from EU28EFT A aluminium production Mt CO2eq Sources European Aluminium right A verage electricity use in primary and secondary aluminium production MWht Al Source Ecofys et al 2009 42 Figure 24 Evolution of aluminium process emissions PFC and CO 2 emissions from anode consumption CO 2 eq Source EEA 2019 43 Figure 25 Since 2002 10 out of 26 aluminium smelting facilities closed in the EU source European Aluminium 43 Figure 26 Evolution of direct and indirect emissions from copper production in the EU 28 Mt CO 2 eq Source European Copper Institute 45 Figure 27 left Direct emissions of Zinc production source Ecofys 2009b right energy use per tonne of zinc Source Brook Hunt a W ood Mack enzie Company 46 Figure 28 CO 2 eq emissions from Zinc production Mt CO 2 eq in the EU and Norway Source International Zinc Assocation 46 Figure 29 CO 2 eq emissions in Nick el production EU28 Norway Source Nick el Institute 48 Figure 30 Submerged electric arc furnace source Elk em 48 Figure 31 Specifc direct and indirect CO 2 emissions for Silicon left FerroSilicon middle and FerroManganese right source Euroalliages EUEFT A 49 Figure 32 Emission reductions hypothetical of the EU nonferrous metals industry if decarbonisation of the EU power sector occurs using 2015 emissions 51 Figure 33 Direct vs indirect emissions based on emissions data 51 Figure 34 Main energy savings options representing a total of 70 of the technical potential in the nonferrous metals industry Source ICF 2015 52 Figure 35 Norsk Hydro primary aluminium production source Norsk Hydro 53 Figure 36 A verage electricity use per tonne metal MWht 68 Figure 37 Electricity costs as of total production costs 68 Figure 38 left Production costs EURt cast aluminium 2013 right Production costs EURt zinc slab 2013 SourceJRC 2016 68 Figure 39 left Production costs EURt copper anode 2013 right Production costs EURt copper cathode 2013 SourceJRC 2016 69 Figure 40 left electricity use per tonne liquid aluminium MWht 2013 right electricity use per tonne zinc MWht 2013 SourceJRC 2016 69 Figure 41 left Electricity use per tonne copper anode MWht 2013 right electric ity use per tonne copper cathode MWht2013 SourceJRC 2016 69 Figure 42 CO 2 intensity of metals production EU vs China t CO 2 t metal 70 Figure 43 2050 scenario s for aluminium production left direct CO 2 emissions t CO 2 t cast aluminium right energy use GJt primary aluminium Source JRC 2015 70 T able 8 Industrial policy framework for the sustainable transition of the nonferrous industry to a climate neutral Europe 79 T able 7 Summary of technology options for GHG reductions in the nonferrous metals industry 65 T ables T able 1 K ey nonferrous base metals byproducts 21 T able 2 T op 3 metals producing countries and top 3 EU import partners Source JRC 2017 BGS 2016 Zinc import of refned zinc Source Comtrade 23 T able 3 T op 3 metalsores producing countries and top 3 EU import partners Fig ures for 2016 Source European Commission 2017 ab BGS Tin Source R esource T rade Earth Nick el Mining 2019 Source Da Silva 2019 24 T able 4 Endoflife recovery rates by endsectors and metals recycled Source Eurometaux 32 T able 5 W orld and EU Secondary Production 2016 K t I Source W orld Bureau of Metals 33 MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 6