69 Enhanced metals recovery from secondary raw materials mining residues slag sludges and scrap recovery While nonferrous metals production already processes a signifcant amount of secondary raw materials e g metal scrap there still e xists a signifcant potential to increase the recovery of metals from e g lowgrade ores sludges and slags from metals production and postconsumer metals scrap Enabling higher recovery of metals from these streams will reduce or limit Europe s import dependence for metals Furthermore better treatment of waste streams which are often landflled can reduce the risk of hazardous materials entering the environment Byproducts from red mud bauxite residue from alumina production The current bauxite residue red mud production level in the EU is 68 Mt per year while the cumulative stock piled level is a staggering 250 million tonnes dry matter Out of the 68 Mt of bauxite residue produced annually in Europe currently only a very small part 0 015 is reused as a raw material for clink er cement 198 Much more value can in theory be e xtracted from bauxite residue For instance out of the annual red mud production iron ore products could be produced representing a possible 18 increase of domestic EU iron ore production Further large volumes of materials from red mud include mineral wool aluminate cement geopolymer and slag cement amount ing to 23 million tonnes possible recovery per year in the EU L ast but not least bauxite residue also contains valuable metals such as rareearth elements 199 in minor but nonneg ligible concentrationTherefore stockpiled and annually produced bauxite residue can be considered an important low grade resource for e xtracting critical metals lik e rareearth elements metals with high economic importance for Europe e g titanium and vanadium and base metals such as aluminium and iron as mentioned above 200 Extracting the ra reearth elements from the aluminium of Greece s annual bauxite residue production alone can in theory meet the needs of appro ximately 10 of the European rareearth elements demand 201 implying that recovery of rareearth elements from total bauxite residue in the EU could cover most of European demand A novel EAF technology A dvanced Mineral R ecovery T echnology AMR T can smelt red mud the waste product from alumina production Bayer process without any pretreat ment producing pig iron and viscous slag suitable for industrial mineral wool In total the new proposed process for complete bauxite e xploitation for alumina pig iron and mineral wool production could increase the e x ergy efciency from 3 in the conventional Bayer 198 EU MSC AETN REDMUD 2018 199 E g Scandium Y ttrium L anthanum and Neodymium 200 Rivera et al 2019 201 EU MSC AETN REDMUD 2018 to farm algae and subsequently produce biofuels As is the case with CCS the nonferrous metals industry could beneft from innovations that are pioneered at larger process installa tions in other industries For instance the S teelanol 196 project by Arcelormittal which uses a bacteriabased process to turn blast furnace gas into ethanol could possibly fnd applications in some nonferrous metals smelting processes and in ferroalloys or silicon production Bo x 10 An Organic R ankine C ycle project in the ferroalloy Industry Finnford The project concept includes the production of diatom biomass by sequestration of CO 2 and nitrogen o xide from factory fumes and difers from other conventional initiatives with respect to the choice of organisms photobioreactor type illumination cultivation technolo gy and processing The main product is fsh feed but bioprospecting and other applications are included The production initiative is integrated in the production line of the ferrosilicon factory Finnford located in Norway The groundbreaking feature is the integration of the mineral world and the organic world within the same industrial compound by linking the mineral and the organic value chains with the conversion of CO 2 to fsh fodder or fuel 197 196 S teelanol 197 Euroalliages MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 57