turnover of about EUR 45 billion while employing around 50 000 people 4 In 2016 primary copper production stood at 23 Mt or 13 1 of global total primary production Secondary production in the EU lik e aluminium is signifcantly high as compared to global fgures In 2015 secondary copper production in the EU was a quarter of global fgures 1 7 Mt as compared to 7 38 Mt or 23 5 L ead is a signifcantly large base metal sector and is usually found in and e xtracted in ore with zinc copper and silver The lead industry in Europe consists of 60 plants 6 employs 5400 persons 7 and has a turnover of EUR 3 billion 8 Primary lead production in Europe stood at 436kt in 2016 or 9 37 of worldwide production Secondary lead production in the EU is high 1351kt or 182 of world secondary production given high recycling rates in the EU 9 65 EU27 in 2016 10 Zinc is the fourthmost used metal after iron aluminum and copper The zinc industry in Europe is well established with 12 plants located regionally providing direct employment to around 5000 people and indirect employment to more than 50 000 people with a turnover of EUR 5 billion appro ximately 11 Primary zinc production 12 in the EU stood at 1699 kt or 134 of global total primary production in 2016 13 In the same year secondary production of zinc 14 stood at 296 kt as compared to 1563 kt global secondary production 1894 Nick el represents a smaller metals industry in Europe with world class installations in Norway Finland the UK and France It nonetheless employs 4700 persons with an annual output of EUR 9 2 billion Primary nick el production in Europe including Norway amounted to 211 kt or 9 6 of global total primary production for 2018 15 A t 29 20 secondary Nick el production in Europe is second only to the Aluminium sector 200 kt secondary nick el is used in Europe as compared to 685 kt global secondary production 3 13 Mining metal ores and raw materials in the EU The e xtractive industry mining of nonferrous metals sector in Europe is not a large sector given the paucity of ore reserves found in Europe For the main metal ores EU mining has a small share in global ores production 0 6 for bauxite aluminium 4 1 for copper ores 3 for nick el ores 544 for zinc ores and 1 for cobalt L ead ores form the e x ception with the EU representing 9 7 of worldwide mining 16 4 European Copper Institute 5Fraunhofer ISI 2013 OECD 2018 6 ILZSG 2017 7 ILA 8 CRU 2019 9 ILZSG 10 httpsec europa eucommissionsitesbetapoliticalflesswdreportbatteriesaccumulatorsapril2019enpdf 11 EU Zinc Industry 2011 1 2 Zinc from primary zinc smelters produced from mineral concentrates all primary zincsmelters process a mix of primary and secon dary feedstock 13 IZLSG 14 Secondary fee material in primary zinc refning processes and e x cludes remelting of zinc scrap metal 15 INSG 16 Silver 7 gold 0 6 T ungsten 29 Lithium 0 175 European Commission 2017ab L ead source IZLSG There is no e xtraction of antimony beryllium borates magnesium molybdenum niobium phosphorus tantalum titanium vanadium and rare earths for a variety of reasons lack of discovery lack of deposits economic and societal factors or closures The only raw materials for which an EU Member S tate is the main global producer is hafnium France There e xists sufcient primary production of raw materials in the EU such feldspar gypsum hafnium indium k aolin clay magnesite silica sand sulphur and tellurium Europe therefore relies heavily on metal ores and concentrates imports from other continents almost 80 of its needs The value chain of raw materials therefore shows a pronounced imbalance between the upstream steps e xtraction harvesting and the down stream steps manufacturing and use China is the dominant entity with 46 raw materials of 77 assessed being mainly e xtracted in China followed by the US A with 9 production of raw materials assessed 17 Figure 4 European Base Metal ore mining T onnes Source W orldMiningData C R eichl M Schatz G Zsak V olume 31 Minerals Production Vienna 2016 R are Earths are currently not mined in the EU although several rare earth element deposits have been located in S weden Denmark Finland and Greece and some are even being developed by mining companies 18 The EU is 100 reliant on rare earth imports where China is the top producer China s rare earth production went up 143 in just one year from 105000 tonnes in 2017 to 120 000 in 2018 19 17 S tudy on the review of the list of Critical R aw Materials Criticality Assessments 18 EURARE 2017 19 McL ead 2019 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 Nick el ores Zinc ores L ead ores Copper ores Bauxite MET ALS IN A CLIMA TE NEUTRAL EUROPE A 2050 BL UEPRINT 22